Hi Marko, welcome to the forum.
"Field phone" is a military term. In the US, old military surplus field telephones using two-conductor wire are the basic standard for cave rescue communication. The most recent generation of phones are reasonably light, reasonably cheap, and very rugged. For most people who may use them for rescue and cave projects here in the US, it's cheaper and easier to buy military surplus equipment than to build new phones from scratch. If you want some of these phones, contact me directly (private message) and I can give you further advice.
However if you don't want military phones, or need something even smaller and lighter, there are options for building your own. The most basic options include the old
cave rescue telephone project and the
cheap field telephone. A more advanced design is the single-wire
Michie phone, and the circuit diagram can be found
here. The British have a similar
single wire telephone design, and their page contains detailed information including the circuit diagram and construction details.
These last two single wire telephone designs have quite good range and clarity, as do the more modern military surplus field telephones (1970's and newer). The older field phones and basic home-made designs (including the
bubblegum phone) - not so much. I've come up with a couple of my own devices and modifications, which connect with regular field phones on a 2-conductor wire system. But I haven't really got around to publishing them yet.
Good luck, and let me know if you need more information.